The lightning overthrow of President Bashar Assad left Syrians, countries in the region and world powers nervous on Tuesday about what comes next as the rebel alliance took its first steps in a government transition.
The United Nations Security Council met behind closed doors late Monday, and diplomats said they were still in shock at how quickly Assad's overthrow unfolded over 12 days, after a 13-year civil war that was locked in stalemate for years.
"Everyone was taken by surprise, everyone, including the members of the council. So we have to wait and see and watch ... and evaluate how the situation will develop," Russian U.N. Ambassador Vassily Nebenzia told reporters after the body met.
Russia played a major role in supporting Assad's government and helping it fight the rebels. The Syrian leader fled Damascus for Moscow on Sunday, ending more than 50 years of brutal rule by his family.
With the mood in Damascus still celebratory, Assad's prime minister, Mohammed Jalali, on Monday agreed to hand power to the rebel-led Salvation Government, an administration based in rebel-held territory in northwest Syria.
The main rebel commander Ahmed al-Sharaa, better known as Abu Mohammed al-Golani, met with Jalali and Vice President Faisal Mekdad to discuss the transitional government, a source familiar with the discussions said. Jalali said the handover could take days to carry out.
Al Jazeera television reported the transitional authority would be headed by Mohamed al-Bashir, who has headed the Salvation Government.
At the core of the system of rule that Assad inherited from his father, Hafez, was a brutal complex of prisons and detention centers used to eliminate dissent by those suspected of stepping out of the ruling Baath party's line.
Thousands of Syrians gathered Monday outside a prison synonymous with the worst atrocities of Assad's rule to search for relatives, many of whom have spent years in the Saydnaya facility outside Damascus.
Crowds of freed prisoners wandered the streets of the capital distinguishable by the marks of their ordeal: maimed by torture, weakened by illness and emaciated by hunger.
Al-Golani, the rebel leader, said Tuesday that the incoming authorities would pursue former senior officials responsible for torture and other abuses, saying they "will not hesitate to hold accountable the criminals, murderers, security and army officers involved in torturing the Syrian people."
The 12-day steamroller advance of the militia alliance headed by Hayat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS), a former al-Qaida affiliate, was a generational turning point for the Middle East.
The civil war that began in 2011 killed hundreds of thousands, caused one of the biggest refugee crises of modern times and left cities bombed to rubble, countryside depopulated and the economy hollowed out by global sanctions.
But the rebel alliance has not communicated plans for Syria's future, and there is no template for such a transition in the fractious region.
Oil prices rose more than 1% on Monday, partly on concerns that instability in Syria, which is not a major oil producer, could raise regional tensions, analysts said.
"This is an incredible moment for the Syrian people," Deputy U.S. Ambassador to the U.N. Robert Wood said in New York. "Now we're really focused right now on trying to see where the situation goes. Can there be a governing authority in Syria that respects the rights and dignities of the Syrian population?"
The U.S. was seeking ways to engage with Syrian rebel groups and is reaching out to partners in the region such as Turkey to start informal diplomacy, Washington said.
Qatari diplomats spoke with HTS on Monday, an official briefed on the developments said, as regional states race to open contact with the group.
Meanwhile, Britain, Germany, France, Italy and several other European countries said Monday they would freeze all pending asylum requests from Syrians.
Austria went a step further, signaling it would soon deport refugees back to Syria. Far-right politicians elsewhere made similar demands, including in Germany — home to Europe's largest Syrian community — at a time when immigration has become a hot-button issue across the continent.
Back in the war-torn country, some insurgent fighters who milled about the capital on Monday, clustering in the central Umayyad Square, expressed hope a civilian administration would soon be running the country.
"We want the state and security forces to be in charge," said Firdous Omar, a fighter who intends to resume farming in provincial Idlib.
Al-Golani has vowed to rebuild Syria, and HTS has spent years trying to soften its image to reassure foreign nations and minority groups within Syria.
But with the group designated as a terrorist organization by many states and the U.N., its governing credentials are uncertain.
"Syrians are looking forward to establishing a state of freedom, equality, rule of law, democracy, and we will join efforts to rebuild our country, to rebuild what was destroyed, and to rebuild the future, better future of Syria," Syria's U.N. Ambassador Koussay Aldahhak told reporters.
There were tentative signs of a return to order. Syria's banks will reopen on Tuesday, and the oil ministry called on all employees in the sector to head to work the same day, adding that protection would be provided to ensure their safety.
In one of many challenges facing Syria, Israel seized a buffer zone in the country's south, a move condemned by Egypt, Qatar and Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia said the move would "ruin Syria's chances of restoring security."
Israel said its airstrikes would carry on for days but told the U.N. Security Council that it was not intervening in Syria's conflict. It said it had taken "limited and temporary measures" solely to protect its security.
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