The Pentagon on Thursday tested a conventionally configured ground-launched ballistic missile, a test that would have been prohibited under the Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces Treaty.
The United States formally withdrew from the landmark 1987 INF pact with Russia in August after determining that Moscow was violating the treaty, an accusation the Kremlin has denied.
The treaty, negotiated by then-U.S. President Ronald Reagan and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev, banned land-based missiles with a range of between 310 and 3,400 miles (500 to 5,500 km).
In a statement, the Pentagon said the test took place from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California.
"We are currently evaluating the results of the test," the statement said.
It was the second test by the Pentagon that would have not been allowed under the INF treaty.
In August, the Pentagon tested a ground-launched cruise missile with a range of more than 500 km (310 miles).
Moscow denies flouting the accord and has accused Washington of breaking the pact, allegations rejected by the United States.
The dispute is aggravating the worst U.S.-Russia friction since the Cold War ended in 1991. Some experts believe the treaty's collapse could undermine other arms control agreements and speed an erosion of the global system designed to block the spread of nuclear arms.
Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov visited Washington this week and met President Donald Trump and Secretary of State Mike Pompeo.
Lavrov renewed Moscow's offer to extend the U.S.-Russia New START arms control treaty, while Trump and Pompeo stressed the need for a strategic dialog that also included China.
The 2011 agreement, which requires both sides to cut their deployed strategic nuclear warheads to no more than 1,550, is scheduled to expire in February 2021 but can be extended for up to five years by mutual consent.