Deepa Tampi worries a lot about the air her two children breathe. The garment exporter says she believes her 14-year-old daughter Mahika and 12-year-old son Vihaan both became asthmatic because of high levels of pollution in the New Delhi area.

She has banned them from playing outdoors, and has even moved their schools twice in four years so that they can use indoor sports facilities. When there is a toxic haze covering the Indian capital — as has been the case in recent days — she makes sure air purifiers are running at home and in the car, and when the kids do go outside they wear masks.

"Every year, we gasp through the winter months, armed with oral steroids, inhalers and nebulizers," she said.