The percentage of female managers in the United States was over three times that in Japan in 2022: 41% versus 13%.
This does not come as a surprise. Having worked in similar positions in the same industry in both New York and Tokyo, I have found that women in the U.S. were much more likely to be promoted than in Japan.
Yet, the glass ceiling clearly exists in both countries: Women in the U.S. earn only 84 cents for every dollar men earn, while in Japan, their wages are three-quarters those of men.