As Russia’s invasion of Ukraine settles into a grinding war of attrition, one question more than any other will likely decide the outcome: On whose side is time?

Much of what unfolds will be determined by unpredictable battlefield dynamics, especially as Russian forces attempt a dash for territory in eastern Ukraine before heavy artillery from the U.S. and elsewhere arrives to bolster the defenses they have to overcome.

On Tuesday, U.S. President Joe Biden wrote in the New York Times that he had decided to approve the provision of 80-kilometer range launch rocket systems to Ukraine, the most powerful artillery sent to date.