U.S. President Donald Trump is reviving tactics from his 2016 campaign playbook on attacking China, but running as the incumbent means defending a record of only limited success in rewriting the economic relationship with Beijing.
Much of what the Trump team has laid out in recent weeks sounds like campaign promises made four years ago: Stopping outsourcing and bringing manufacturing jobs back to the U.S., ending dependence on China for crucial inputs and supporting companies that make things in America.
“Under my administration, we’ll end our reliance on China once and for all,” Trump said on Monday. “And we’ll impose tariffs on companies that desert America to create jobs in China and other countries. If they can’t do it here, then let them pay a big tax to build it someplace else and send it into our country.”
Yet, despite hundreds of billions of dollars in tariffs that the U.S. levied against China, sanctions imposed on Chinese officials and actions to restrict the Asian nation’s technology companies, the vast majority of American firms have no plans to pack up shop in China and come back to the U.S.
“There hasn’t been any kind of transformational shift on the part of multinational corporations away from China sourcing,” said Scott Paul, president of the Alliance for American Manufacturing, a non-partisan partnership formed by U.S. manufacturers and the United Steelworkers. “Is 3M still making respirators in China as well as the United States? Yes, they are. Does Apple have any plans to divest from China? Not that I’m aware of.”
Only about 4 percent of the more than 200 U.S. manufacturers surveyed by the American Chamber of Commerce in Shanghai said they will shift any production to the U.S., a report showed Wednesday. More than 75 percent said they don’t intend to move production out of China, while 14 percent said they will shift some operations to other countries.
In a separate U.S.-China Business Council survey, 87 percent of the more than 100 canvassed American companies said they have no plans to shift production out of the Asian nation, citing long-term confidence in that market.
While Trump’s campaign hasn’t offered much detail on how he would bring back jobs from China in a second term, it cites other actions — such as tariffs on more than $300 billion of the country’s products — as successes in dealing with what it terms “China’s rampant trade cheating.”
”The president has finally stood up to the Chinese Communist Party, the first American leader to do so,” Steve Cortes, a senior adviser to Trump’s campaign, said on a call with reporters Wednesday.
One area of limited success has been the partial trade agreement signed in January. In return for some U.S. tariff reprieve, Beijing committed to revamping its intellectual-property protections and to buying some $200 billion in additional U.S. exports over two years. While China is unlikely to reach the targets this year — partially because the coronavirus pandemic upended demand and supply chains — it has made record purchases of American beef and corn, and has reiterated its commitment to the agreement.
Even as Trump has continued to push American companies to stop investing in China, his so-called phase one deal opened up new opportunities for U.S. financial services and insurance firms that want to do business in the country.
Some experts cast doubt on Trump’s ability to move jobs to the U.S. given the track record of his first term.
“He had four years to make this happen,” said Wendy Cutler, vice president of the Asia Society Policy Institute and an acting deputy U.S. Trade Representative in the Obama administration. “There are no easy fixes. He broke the mold by using tariffs, thinking that would be the magic bullet.”
Still, Trump has continued to dial up the rhetoric as he tried to paint Democratic presidential nominee Joe Biden’s record as too cozy to Beijing.
“If Biden wins, China wins, because China will own this country,” he said Monday. Trump has also sought to shift blame for the virus, which has killed more than 189,000 Americans, to Beijing, regularly calling it the “China Virus.”
Meanwhile, Biden this week unveiled his plan to punish multinational corporations that outsource and said Trump broke his promise by failing to address the issue during his first term.
“Donald Trump makes a lot of promises. He promised that he alone could stop the offshoring in jobs,” Biden said outside a United Auto Workers union hall in Warren, Michigan, on Wednesday. “He’s hoping we just have poor memories.”
Biden’s plan to curb corporate offshoring and to renew domestic manufacturing may block companies from parking profits in tax havens, but may not do enough to make shuttered factories hum again. It uses a carrot-and-stick approach that raises taxes on a corporation’s foreign profits but rewards companies with tax incentives for moving jobs and investment back to the U.S.
Recent opinion polls showed the two candidates are now tied on voters’ trust to handle the economy.
On Trump’s handling of China, 57 percent of respondents in a Gallup poll disapproved, compared with 40 percent who were in favor.
The president was on track to deliver an overall reduction in the merchandise-trade deficit with China until the pandemic hit that performance. Also, total trade between the two nations was steadily declining as tariffs took effect. And while employment in manufacturing climbed to a 12-year high in November last year, the pandemic has seen more than 700,000 jobs on factory floors disappear.
“When you look at the promises Trump made on transforming trade flows and boosting manufacturing jobs, he’ll have a hard time defending his own record,” Paul said.
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