A campaign is underway among Japanese companies to clarify rules that protect employees from unruly customers as labor shortages drive public-facing industries to improve their work conditions.

In one example, taxi companies keen to stem an exodus of drivers are setting strict guidelines that allow employees to refuse transport to unruly customers, such as those who insist on smoking in their vehicle.

At Hiroshima-based Nisiki Taxi, one such rule took effect in April. Illustrated leaflets are posted inside taxis to warn customers about what is considered improper behavior and what could result in them being shown the door.