Two decades ago, Europe and the Soviet Union first pondered a long-term energy-based relationship, one in which the Soviets would use their considerable energy reserves to fuel European economies. The prospect of European reliance on Soviet supplies triggered concern in the United States and some European capitals. Doubts were countered by the prospect of integrating two economic groups in a way that would effectively tie their futures together.
The Soviet collapse did not end the relationship; Russia's economic (and energy) ties with Europe have strengthened considerably since the fall of the Berlin Wall. In 2001, the EU and Russia proclaimed "an energy partnership" that would bind them together in the 21st century.
Fears of European dependence have resurfaced as Russia appears to be using those energy resources to pressure trading partners. At the beginning of the year, Russia temporarily shut off gas to Ukraine in a dispute over prices. That step alarmed many about a Russian retaliation in the event of a dispute with Europe. Recent statements by Russian officials have indicated a willingness to play hardball when crossed.