Doctors in white coats and blue scrubs sat around a conference room table in June, looking up at a colorful slide projected on the wall.

"How is anyone supposed to memorize this?" a doctor sitting in the back asked as Yoshihiro Masui, the director of Yokohama City Seibu Hospital's critical care center, checked the slides.

The presentation, full of color-coded flow charts, showed dozens of new safety protocols for everything from routine surgeries to dialysis.