• Fermenting a comeback: Though centuries old, shio-kōji has recently found its way back onto menus as a healthy alternative to seasoning salt and soy sauce. It is made from fermented rice with a little salt, and is packed with flavor. | MAKIKO ITOH PHOTOS
    Fermenting a comeback: Though centuries old, shio-kōji has recently found its way back onto menus as a healthy alternative to seasoning salt and soy sauce. It is made from fermented rice with a little salt, and is packed with flavor. | MAKIKO ITOH PHOTOS
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The development of Japanese cuisine owes much to the humble kōji or kōji-kin. A type of fungus or mold, it is used in all kinds of foods and beverages. It’s as important in Japan as the fungi, bacteria and yeast that give character to cheese, yogurt, wine, beer and bread are in the West. The difference is that just one type of fungus is used in so many foods.

Kōji (Aspergillus oryzae) was probably domesticated at least 2,000 years ago. It is used to make sake, mirin, shōchū, awamori (an Okinawan beverage), rice vinegar, soy sauce and miso – all ingredients that define Japanese food. No wonder that it was declared the kokkin (national fungus) by the Brewing Society of Japan, and the genome was closely protected until 2005. Besides Japan, it is also used extensively in China and Korea to ferment and mature various foods.

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