What’s going on with Kim Jong Un? Is he sick? Worried about COVID-19? Consumed by an economic crisis? Battling internal threats?

Perhaps the North Korean leader is biding his time until the U.S. presidential election? Or maybe he’s playing the same game of threats, reconciliation and retreat that has kept his family in charge of the secretive state since the 1940s?

All those scenarios have been floated to explain months of surprises and intrigue from Pyongyang, including stubborn rumors — so far unsubstantiated — that the 36-year-old leader is unwell. The developments have underscored how little the world knows about North Korea, and left even many professional observers questioning how they go about interpreting Kim’s actions.