China warned supporters of Nobel Peace Prize-winning dissident Liu Xiaobo not to mark Friday's anniversary of his death, while rights activists in Chinese-ruled Hong Kong and in Berlin where his widow arrived on Tuesday gathered to keep his memory alive.
Liu died aged 61 on July 13 last year in a hospital in the northern city of Shenyang under close guard by security agents, after he was denied permission to leave China for treatment for late-stage liver cancer.
He had been jailed in 2009 for "inciting subversion" after he helped write and circulate a pro-democratic reform proposal known as "Charter 08," his last major act in a long career of activism beginning during the 1989 pro-democracy protests in Beijing.