An Environment Agency advisory committee released a report Monday outlining five policy package models to help ensure that Japan cuts greenhouse gas emissions.
The models vary greatly, mixing regulatory, economic and voluntary measures to cut emissions.
One model would rely on voluntary efforts by industry and society while encouraging accountability by making businesses responsible for meeting their stated goals.
At the other extreme, another model would have the nation meet its goals largely through environmental taxes, such as a carbon tax on fossil fuels.
Another model would combine taxes with a stringent monitoring system for industries with major emissions, while striving to make the system flexible to ease the burden on affected industrial sectors.
A hybrid model relying largely on trading of carbon dioxide emissions credits, initially domestically and later internationally, is also included in the report.