The Bank of Japan is dropping hints it will consider allowing long-term interest rates to deviate further from its 0% target, a move that could undermine the purpose of its policy aimed at controlling the shape of the yield curve.
BOJ Gov. Haruhiko Kuroda told reporters on Thursday the idea could be among options discussed in March, when the bank will review its tools to make them "sustainable and effective."
The move would highlight the difficulty of maintaining yield curve control (YCC) as deflationary pressures from the coronavirus crisis threaten to prolong the BOJ's already protracted battle to hit its elusive 2% inflation target.
"YCC wasn't intended to last this long. With the pandemic, the BOJ must now find a way to forever sustain this policy as inflation won't hit 2% for years," said Kazuo Momma, a former BOJ executive with experience drafting monetary policy.
Markets have been rife with speculation that the BOJ may widen the implicit band around its 0% target within in which it allows 10-year bond yields to move, from the current 40 basis points.
Widening the band, or clarifying the BOJ's intention to let market forces drive yield moves more, would help bring life back to a market numbed by years of heavy-handed intervention.
By allowing yields to rise more, the BOJ could also address the main side-effect of YCC: excessive falls in superlong yields that hurt returns for pension funds.
"As our monetary easing is prolonged, we'll aim to make daily operations of YCC more sustainable," Kuroda said on Thursday, suggesting that loosening the BOJ's grip on yields would be a key purpose of the March review.
When the BOJ last widened the band in 2018, 10-year yields crept up to 0.16% that year before slumping to near minus 0.3% in 2019.
"The BOJ's decision will be based on the need to keep yields around 0%, and the cost of doing so such as distorting market functions," said a source familiar with the bank's thinking.
Some analysts question the effect. There is no guarantee bond yields will rise under a wider band, as many investors bet the BOJ will maintain an ultraloose policy for years to come.
"Long-term rates won't rise much unless markets begin to price in prospects of an exit from ultraeasy policy, which isn't going to happen any time soon," said Izuru Kato, chief economist at Totan Research and a long-time BOJ watcher.
Softening the yield target would also take the teeth out of YCC and signal a setback for Kuroda's stimulus program, which initially used clear numerical targets to communicate the bank's policy intentions, said former BOJ policymaker Takahide Kiuchi.
"The BOJ is trying to water down both its asset-buying and interest rate targets, undermining the whole concept of YCC," he said.
Allowing yields to rise further also risks giving markets the impression the BOJ is dialing back stimulus, something it wants to avoid at all costs.
In softening its yield target, the BOJ could add forward guidance that pledges to keep long-term rates around zero until inflation nears 2%, said Momma.
"The BOJ will probably come up with a package of measures which, as a whole, would appear as if it's enhancing the effect of YCC."
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