The global methods of food production and consumption are incurring substantial hidden costs in terms of health impacts and environmental damage, totaling approximately 12% of the world's GDP annually, according to a new report Monday.
In the research, a consortium of scientists and economists found that transforming food systems across the world could prevent 174 million premature deaths, help the world meet its climate goals, and provide economic benefits of $5 trillion to $10 trillion.
While intensive food production has helped to feed a global population that has doubled since the 1970s, the report found that this has come with a growing burden on people and the planet.
Poor diets lead to malnutrition and associated chronic illnesses, while polluting farming practices drive global warming and biodiversity loss, threatening potentially catastrophic climate impacts that would conversely have a detrimental impact on the world's ability to produce food.
"We have an amazing food system," said Vera Songwe, an economist with the Africa Growth Initiative at the Brookings Institution, and part of the Food System Economics Commission (FSEC), which produced the report.
"But it has come with a lot of cost to the environment, to people's health, and to the future and to our economics," she said.
Researchers estimated total underappreciated costs from food systems of up to $15 trillion a year. That includes around $11 trillion annually from the loss in productivity caused by food-linked illnesses like diabetes, hypertension and cancer.
Environmental costs are estimated at $3 trillion from current agricultural land use and food production methods, which scientists say account for a third of planet-heating greenhouse gas emissions.
The researchers also compared computer modeling of the consequences by 2050 of continuing current trends and of a hypothetical food system transformation.
On the current trajectory, food systems alone will push global warming above the Paris Deal's more ambitious threshold of 1.5 degrees Celsius since preindustrial times.
Heating could reach a catastrophic 2.7 degrees Celsius by 2100, they said, while food production would be increasingly battered by climate change.
Obesity would also increase globally by 70%, they said, while around 640 million people would still be underweight.
Imagining a better system, the report's authors said more effective policies could improve diets, drastically reducing diet-related deaths due to chronic diseases, while transforming food systems into a source of carbon storage by 2040, helping the world stay within its climate goals.
But the report, which comes as farmers across parts of Europe stage protests over a variety of grievances including incomes and environmental regulations, acknowledged that change would be challenging.
The authors urged policymakers to compensate those left behind by a shift to a more sustainable system, noting that promoting healthier diets would have different priorities and focus in different parts of the world.
The authors policymakers to work to compensate those left behind by changes.
The report comes after the U.N.'s Food and Agriculture Organization released research in November estimating that the hidden costs of food systems across the world were around $10 trillion a year, or nearly 10% of GDP.
Johan Rockstrom, of the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research and the FSEC, said the fact that both groups had come up with a "very dramatic number," exceeding $10 trillion, was reason to have confidence in the findings.
But he warned that the future projections were "conservative" because even if the world manages to transition away from fossil fuels, the food system can push the world above 1.5 degrees Celsisus on its own.
"(That) likely means irreversible changes to major life support systems on Earth, which means that the price tag correlated to the food system would accelerate very rapidly for hidden costs that are not included in these analyses," he said.