LONDON — Public trust in financial institutions, and in the authorities that are supposed to regulate them, was an early casualty of the financial crisis. That is hardly surprising, as previously revered firms revealed that they did not fully understand the very instruments they dealt in or the risks they assumed.

It is difficult not to take some private pleasure in this comeuppance for the Masters of the Universe.

The Nobel laureate Kenneth Arrow made the point in economic terms almost 40 years ago: "It can be plausibly argued that much of the economic backwardness in the world can be explained by the lack of mutual confidence."