The norito (ritual prayers) found in the 10th-century "Engi-shiki" ("Procedures of the Engi Era") have fascinated Japanologists for over a century. In the introduction to his 1878 translation of the norito, Ernest Satow suggested that they could offer insight into "the rites practiced by the Japanese people before the introduction of Buddhism and Chinese philosophy." More recently, they have also attracted attention from linguists interested in the earliest attested stages of the Japanese language.