NATO's intervention in Libya one year ago helped to avert a humanitarian catastrophe and created the conditions for Libya's citizens to end Col. Moammar Gadhafi's dictatorship. The military operation highlighted important improvements in European leadership since the Bosnian debacle in the 1990's, but the conditions underlying the Libya mission's success cannot be counted upon to exist again in the future. Indeed, NATO's accomplishment in Libya risks obscuring persistent weaknesses in Europe's military capabilities.
Europe's unity of purpose in Libya contrasts sharply with its divisions and indecisiveness as Yugoslavia disintegrated in the early 1990s. The United States had to coax many Western European countries into helping to stop the slaughter of innocents in Bosnia. And, though the trans-Atlantic alliance was more unified and responsive during the subsequent Kosovo crisis, the U.S. was still in the driver's seat. In Libya, the roles were reversed: Western Europeans had to push the U.S. to take action.
The manner in which President Barack Obama brought the U.S. into the effort to protect Libyan civilians mollified European concerns about American hubris that had grown out of the Iraq War. It also made possible a broad coalition of countries, as well as the first-ever call for intervention from the Arab League. Obama's decision that the U.S. should play a supporting role, with other NATO partners — particularly France and the United Kingdom — taking the lead, reinforced the global perception of the mission's legitimacy.