KORAPUT, India – Reena Jani rose early, finished her chores in the crisp January cold and walked uphill to the road that skirts her remote tribal hamlet of Pendajam in eastern India.
Riding pillion on a neighbor’s motorcycle for 40 minutes through hillsides dotted with paddy fields, the 34-year-old health worker was headed for the Mathalput Community Health Center.
Jani’s name was on a list of 100 health workers at the center, making her one of the first Indians to be inoculated against COVID-19 earlier this month as the country rolls out a vaccination program the government calls the world’s biggest.
But she had heard rumors of serious side effects, and worried about what would happen if she were to get ill.
“I was frightened because of my son and daughters. If something happens to me, what will they do?” Jani said, visibly relieved after the injection produced no immediate side effects.
The vaccine she received had traveled much further. It was taken by plane, truck and van some 1,700 kilometers from the factory to the clinic, and had to be kept cold the whole way.
Its safe arrival in Koraput district, where leftist guerrillas are waging a low-level insurgency amid rolling hills and thick forests, was testament to detailed planning and groundwork by authorities in the state of Odisha.
But officials acknowledge this is just the tip of the iceberg.
The 1.5 million vaccinated so far, mainly key workers like Jani, are the tiny first phase of a vaccination program India hopes will eventually protect its 1.4 billion people from the novel coronavirus.
Only when the much larger third phase, aimed at 270 million people deemed vulnerable, is launched will the government know if its plan to distribute shots across sometimes hostile terrain, and amid high temperatures, will succeed.
“The problem will start from the third phase, when the public will start coming,” said Madhusudan Mishra, Koraput’s district collector. “That will be a real challenge.”
Supplying vaccines is one thing. Convincing people to take them is another.
Scepticism about the safety and efficacy of COVID-19 shots is high in India, particularly in rural areas, officials say, and misinformation via social media platforms and word-of-mouth could undermine the effort.
The COVID-19 vaccine Jani took was developed by AstraZeneca and Oxford University. India is also using another developed by Bharat Biotech.
The deployment came as the number of novel coronavirus cases in India approached 11 million and deaths exceeded 150,000.
Manufactured in the western city of Pune by the Serum Institute of India, the world’s largest vaccine maker by volume, some 40,800 vials of the AstraZeneca shot were flown on a commercial airline into Odisha’s capital city on Jan. 12.
A fire last week at the Pune plant killed five people, but officials said vaccine production would not be affected.
India has distributed 16.5 million doses of the two approved vaccines to its states and territories, which dispersed them using an army of drivers and an infrastructure established for existing vaccination programs but bolstered for the pandemic.
In Odisha, after a delayed start on Jan. 13, government staff at the vaccine center pulled out vials from a cavernous refrigerator and carefully counted them, before packing them into insulated boxes with ice packs to keep them at between 2 and 8 degrees Celsius for up to three days.
Then it was over to veteran health department driver Lalu Porija. He drove his delivery van all night to reach the site, and now had to truck the vaccines 500 km (310 miles) back to Koraput with an armed policeman in plain clothes for company.
“I am feeling a little tired,” said Porija, stopping to sip tea late that evening after a traffic jam delayed the trip by several hours.
Negotiating cows, debris, thick fog and hairpin bends, and fighting fatigue, Porija drove nearly 24 hours within three days to collect and deliver the vaccine shots to the town of Koraput.
On Jan. 15, at Koraput’s main vaccine store, health care workers counted, packed and loaded smaller quantities for the district’s five vaccination sites, including the Mathalput Community Health Center some 30 km away.
A small white van drove out at noon, kicking up dust on narrow countryside roads, for a delivery run to multiple sites. Again, an armed policeman sat inside.
“The most awaited vaccine,” a health care worker at Mathalput said to colleagues, as a box of shots was unloaded.
India has mapped out a plan to vaccinate around 300 million people by July or August.
The target for the first phase, which got underway earlier this month, is 10 million health care workers, including Jani. Next are 20 million essential services workers, followed by 270 million people deemed susceptible to the virus.
Beyond that there is no clear road map, although the government has said every Indian who wants or needs the vaccine will get it.
In Koraput, a team of officials spent months putting together a local COVID-19 vaccination plan, officials said.
With much of the district lacking internet access, they chose vaccination sites with good connectivity and conducted dry runs, said Dr. Makaranda Beura, Koraput’s top health official.
And where mobile coverage was patchy, like Jani’s Pendajam village, health workers were called to meetings to inform them of vaccination plans, followed by visits from supervisors to people registered to be inoculated.
Despite initial glitches — particularly with CO-WIN, a centralized digital platform used to roll out and track India’s mammoth vaccination program — officials in Koraput said the system would suffice for the first two phases.
For the much bigger third phase, district collector Mishra said he anticipated deploying the entire local police force to manage crowds as well as acquiring additional vehicles to support staff working in far-flung areas.
But moving the vaccine deep into the interiors, where Maoist insurgents are known to operate, also requires police to work with paramilitary troops and special forces, said southwest Odisha’s police chief Rajesh Pandit.
“We have to take extra care,” Pandit said.
Jani became an accredited social health activist (ASHA) community health worker, a lynchpin of India’s rural healthcare system, around seven years ago.
She monitors pregnant women in her village of 500 people, helps with malaria tests and doles out basic medication for fever and diarrhoea.
The main breadwinner for her family of five, Jani draws a monthly salary of 3,000 rupees ($41), helping put her two daughters and one son through school.
When she first learned she was to be vaccinated, Jani said she wasn’t worried. Then she heard a rumor.
“Someone told me that people are fainting, they are developing fever and some are dying after taking the injection,” she said. “That is why I was frightened.”
In a survey conducted by New Delhi-based online platform LocalCircles, 62% of 17,000 respondents were hesitant to get vaccinated immediately, mainly due to worries over possible adverse reactions.
The fears are rife among health workers too, prompting India to appeal to front-line workers not to refuse vaccines after many states failed to meet initial vaccination targets.
Dr Tapas Rajan Behera, the medical officer in charge of the Mathalput Community Health Center, said authorities were aware of possible reluctance to take the vaccine and had instructed health workers to allay fears over safety.
Although jittery, Jani eventually received the shot that would partly vaccinate her against COVID-19: one tiny step in India’s mission to beat the pandemic.
In a time of both misinformation and too much information, quality journalism is more crucial than ever.
By subscribing, you can help us get the story right.
With your current subscription plan you can comment on stories. However, before writing your first comment, please create a display name in the Profile section of your subscriber account page.