BAGHDAD – The most powerful paramilitary groups in Iraq:
Kataeb Hezbollah
Formed in 2003 after the U.S.-led invasion, the secretive Iran-backed Kataeb Hezbollah (Battalions of the Party of God) is one of the smallest Iranian-backed militias in Iraq, with an estimated 5,000 members. But it is considered one of the most dangerous.
During the recent war against Islamic State, Kataeb received battlefield training from Lebanon’s Hezbollah.
Kataeb has long targeted U.S. forces and was one of the earliest groups to dispatch fighters to Syria to support President Bashar Assad in the civil war.
In 2009, Washington declared Kataeb Hezbollah a foreign terrorist organization, saying it threatened stability in Iraq, one of the most important U.S. allies in the Arab world.
The group’s founder Jamal Jaafar Ibrahimi, known by his nom de guerre Abu Mahdi al-Mohandes, has warned of a strong response against U.S. forces following Sunday’s attacks on several bases that killed at least 25 people.
Muhandes is an adviser to Qassem Soleimani, commander of Iran’s Quds Force — an arm of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard that gives material support to groups like Hezbollah, Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad.
The United States has declared the former lawmaker a terrorist. In 2007, a Kuwaiti court sentenced him to death in absentia for his involvement in the 1983 U.S. and French embassy bombings in Kuwait.
Mohandes also oversees Iraq’s Popular Mobilization Forces, an umbrella grouping of paramilitary groups mostly consisting of Iran-backed Shiite militias that was formally integrated into Iraq’s armed forces.
Badr Organization
Badr leader Hadi al-Amiri is widely seen as Tehran’s man in Iraq. He fought on Iran’s side in its 1980-1988 war with Iraq. Amiri, a Farsi speaker, spent more than two decades fighting Saddam Hussein from exile in Iran.
Badr, established in 1982, was named after a key seventh century battle during the time of the Prophet Mohammed. It was the backbone of the volunteer forces fighting Islamic State.
Badr was known for brutal tactics during Iraq’s civil war but has tried to soften its image.
Since 2014, Badr has transformed itself into a leading force in Iraqi politics, an important ally for Iran which has extended its reach to parliament.
Like some other groups, Badr gets its inspiration from Iran’s supreme leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei. Badr has also sent thousands of fighters to Syria.
Asaib Ahl al-Haq
The League of the Righteous is one of Iraq’s most notorious militia groups. Formed in 2006 by its leader Qais al-Khazali, the sectarian force has launched numerous operations against American and Iraqi forces.
Critics say Asaib is still violent despite announcing it was ready to lay down arms in 2012 and join the political process.
In 2007, Khazali was arrested by American forces for his alleged role in an attack on a government compound in Karbala in the Shiite heartland of southern Iraq, which left five American soldiers dead.
He is now one of the most feared and respected Shiite militia leaders in Iraq, and one of Iran’s most important allies in the country.
He was among the thousands of militia fighters, armed and wearing green camouflage military fatigues, who flocked to northern Iraq to battle Islamic State.
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