It is not unusual for overseas visitors on their first visit to Japan to be impressed by the country's efficient rail network, with its heated seats and computerized message boards providing passengers with information updates.
That was certainly true of James Mmari, 35, a Tanzanian graduate who came to Japan in 2015 to study information systems under a state-sponsored program.
But instead of just being awed, Mmari was inspired to create a smartphone app that would help make the advanced bus system of Tanzania's most populous city, Dar es Salaam, more passenger-friendly.