A former U.S. government expert on emergency management has questioned whether Japan is applying lessons learned the hard way after the 2011 tsunami to its response to the Kyushu quakes.

Leo Bosner, 69, who worked for the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency for 29 years, says an integrated response may not have been in place for the disaster last month.

He said he identified multiple problems when studying Japan's "disastrous" response to the 2011 disaster and believes there have been no major improvements. "I am a little concerned that these problems may be continuing," he said.